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<title>Polyimide</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Polyimide</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Polyamide" title="Polyamide">Polyamide</a>.</div>

<p><b>Polyimide</b> (sometimes abbreviated <b>PI</b>) is a <a href="Monomer" title="Monomer">monomer</a> containing <a href="Imide" title="Imide">imide</a> groups belonging to the class of <a href="High-performance_plastics" title="High-performance plastics">high-performance plastics</a>. With their high heat-resistance, polyimides enjoy diverse applications in roles demanding rugged organic materials, such as high temperature <a href="Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cells</a>, displays, and various military roles. A classic polyimide is <a href="Kapton" title="Kapton">Kapton</a>, which is produced by condensation of <a href="Pyromellitic_dianhydride" title="Pyromellitic dianhydride">pyromellitic dianhydride</a> and <a href="4%2C4'-oxydianiline" class="mw-redirect" title="4,4'-oxydianiline">4,4'-oxydianiline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The first polyimide was discovered in 1908 by Bogart and Renshaw.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They found that 4-amino phthalic anhydride does not melt when heated but does release water upon the formation of a high molecular weight polyimide. The first semialiphatic polyimide was prepared by Edward and Robinson by melt fusion of diamines and tetra acids or diamines and diacids/diester.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>However, the first polyimide of significant commercial importance—Kapton—was pioneered in the 1950s by workers at DuPont who developed a successful route for synthesis of high molecular weight polyimide involving a soluble polymer precursor. Up to today this route continues being the primary route for the production of most polyimides. Polyimides have been in <a href="Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a> since 1955. The field of polyimides is covered by various extensive books<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and review articles.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div>

<p>According to the composition of their main chain, polyimides can be:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Aliphatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliphatic">Aliphatic</a>,</li>

<li>Semi-aromatic (also referred to as <i>alipharomatic</i>),</li>

<li><a href="Aromaticity" title="Aromaticity">Aromatic</a>: these are the most used polyimides because of their <a href="Thermostability" title="Thermostability">thermostability</a>.</li></ul>

<p>According to the type of interactions between the main chains, polyimides can be:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">Thermoplastic</a>: very often called <i>pseudothermoplastic</i>.</li>

<li><a href="Thermoset" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermoset">Thermosetting</a>: commercially available as uncured resins, polyimide solutions, stock shapes, thin sheets, laminates and machined parts.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthesis">Synthesis</h2></div>

<p>Several methods are possible to prepare polyimides, among them:

</p>

<ul><li>The reaction between a di<a href="Acid_anhydride" title="Acid anhydride">anhydride</a> and a <a href="Diamine" title="Diamine">diamine</a> (the most used method).</li>

<li>The reaction between a dianhydride and a di<a href="Isocyanate" title="Isocyanate">isocyanate</a>.</li></ul>

<p>The polymerization of a diamine and a dianhydride can be carried out by a two-step method in which a poly(amidocarboxylic acid) is prepared first, or directly by a one-step method. The two-step method is the most widely used procedure for polyimide synthesis. First a soluble poly(amidocarboxylic acid) (<b>2</b>) is prepared which is cyclized after further processing in a second step to the polyimide (<b>3</b>). A two-step process is necessary because the final polyimides are in most cases infusible and insoluble due to their aromatic structure.

</p>

<p>Dianhydrides used as precursors to these materials include pyromellitic dianhydride, <a href="Benzoquinonetetracarboxylic_dianhydride" title="Benzoquinonetetracarboxylic dianhydride">benzoquinonetetracarboxylic dianhydride</a> and <a href="Naphthalene_tetracarboxylic_dianhydride" class="mw-redirect" title="Naphthalene tetracarboxylic dianhydride">naphthalene tetracarboxylic dianhydride</a>. Common diamine building blocks include <a href="4%2C4'-diaminodiphenyl_ether" class="mw-redirect" title="4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether">4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether</a> (DAPE), <a href="Meta-phenylenediamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-phenylenediamine">meta-phenylenediamine</a> (MDA) and 3,3'-diaminodiphenylmethane.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hundreds of diamines and dianhydrides have been examined to tune the physical and especially the processing properties of these materials. These materials tend to be insoluble and have high softening temperatures, arising from charge-transfer interactions between the planar subunits.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis">Analysis</h3></div>

<p>The imidization reaction can be followed via <a href="Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">IR spectroscopy</a>. The IR spectrum is characterized during the reaction by the disappearance of absorption bands of the poly(amic acid) at 3400 to 2700 cm<sup>−1</sup> (OH stretch), ~1720 and 1660 (amide C=O) and ~1535 cm<sup>−1</sup> (C-N stretch). At the same time, the appearance of the characteristic imide bands can be observed, at ~1780 (C=O asymm), ~1720 (C=O symm), ~1360 (C-N stretch) and ~1160 and 745 cm<sup>−1</sup> (imide ring deformation).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>⁠　Detailed analyses of polyimide<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and carbonized polyimide<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and graphitized polyimide<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been reported.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2></div>

<p>Thermosetting polyimides are known for thermal stability, good chemical resistance, excellent mechanical properties, and characteristic orange/yellow color. Polyimides compounded with <a href="Carbon_(fiber)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon (fiber)">graphite</a> or <a href="Glass_fiber" title="Glass fiber">glass fiber</a> reinforcements have <a href="Flexural_strength" title="Flexural strength">flexural strengths</a> of up to 340 MPa (49,000 psi) and <a href="Flexural_modulus" title="Flexural modulus">flexural moduli</a> of 21,000 MPa (3,000,000 psi). <a href="Thermoset_polymer_matrix" title="Thermoset polymer matrix">Thermoset polymer matrix</a> polyimides exhibit very low <a href="Creep_(deformation)" title="Creep (deformation)">creep</a> and high <a href="Tensile_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile strength">tensile strength</a>. These properties are maintained during continuous use to temperatures of up to 232 °C (450 °F) and for short excursions, as high as 704 °C (1,299 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Molded polyimide parts and laminates have very good heat resistance. Normal <a href="Operating_temperature" title="Operating temperature">operating temperatures</a> for such parts and laminates range from cryogenic to those exceeding 260 °C (500 °F). Polyimides are also inherently resistant to flame combustion and do not usually need to be mixed with <a href="Flame_retardant" title="Flame retardant">flame retardants</a>. Most carry a <a href="Certification_listing" title="Certification listing">UL rating</a> of VTM-0. Polyimide laminates have a flexural strength half life at 249 °C (480 °F) of 400 hours.

</p><p>Typical polyimide parts are not affected by commonly used solvents and oils – including hydrocarbons, esters, ethers, alcohols and <a href="Freon" title="Freon">freons</a>. They also resist weak acids but are not recommended for use in environments that contain alkalis or inorganic acids. Some polyimides, such as CP1 and CORIN XLS, are solvent-soluble and exhibit high optical clarity. The solubility properties lend them towards spray and low temperature cure applications.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insulation_and_passivation_films">Insulation and passivation films</h3></div>

<p>Polyimide materials are lightweight, flexible, resistant to heat and chemicals. Therefore, they are used in the <a href="Electronics_industry" title="Electronics industry">electronics industry</a> for flexible cables and as an insulating film on <a href="Magnet_wire" title="Magnet wire">magnet wire</a>. For example, in a laptop computer, the cable that connects the main logic board to the display (which must flex every time the laptop is opened or closed) is often a polyimide base with copper conductors. Examples of polyimide films include Apical, <a href="Kapton" title="Kapton">Kapton</a>, <a href="UPILEX" title="UPILEX">UPILEX</a>, VTEC PI, Norton TH and Kaptrex.

</p>

<p>Polyimide is used to coat <a href="Optical_fiber#Coatings" title="Optical fiber">optical fibers</a> for medical or high temperature applications.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>An additional use of polyimide resin is as an insulating and <a href="Passivation_(chemistry)" title="Passivation (chemistry)">passivation</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> layer in the manufacture of <a href="Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuits</a> and <a href="MEMs" class="mw-redirect" title="MEMs">MEMS chips</a>. The polyimide layers have good mechanical elongation and tensile strength, which also helps the adhesion between the polyimide layers or between polyimide layer and deposited metal layer. The minimum interaction between the gold film and the polyimide film, coupled with high temperature stability of the polyimide film, results in a system that provides reliable insulation when subjected to various types of environmental stresses.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polyimide is also used as a substrate for cellphone antennas.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Multi-layer insulation used on <a href="Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> is usually made of polyimide coated with thin layers of <a href="Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a>, silver, gold, or germanium. The gold-colored material often seen on the outside of spacecraft is typically actually single aluminized polyimide, with the single layer of aluminum facing in.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The yellowish-brown polyimide gives the surface its gold-like color.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical_parts">Mechanical parts</h3></div>

<p>Polyimide powder can be used to produce parts and shapes by sintering technologies (hot compression molding, direct forming, and isostatic pressing). Because of their high mechanical stability even at elevated temperatures they are used as bushings, bearings, sockets or constructive parts in demanding applications. To improve <a href="Tribological" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribological">tribological</a> properties, compounds with solid lubricants like <a href="Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>, <a href="PTFE" class="mw-redirect" title="PTFE">PTFE</a>, or <a href="Molybdenum_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Molybdenum sulfide">molybdenum sulfide</a> are common. Polyimide parts and shapes include P84 NT, VTEC PI, Meldin, <a href="Vespel" title="Vespel">Vespel</a>, and Plavis.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filters">Filters</h3></div>

<p>In coal-fired power plants, waste incinerators, or cement plants, polyimide fibres are used to filter hot gases. In this application, a polyimide needle felt separates dust and particulate matter from the <a href="Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">exhaust gas</a>.

</p><p>Polyimide is also the most common material used for the reverse osmotic film in purification of water, or the concentration of dilute materials from water, such as maple syrup production.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flexible_circuits">Flexible circuits</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Flexible_electronics" title="Flexible electronics">Flexible electronics</a></div>

<p>Polyimide is used as the core of flexible circuit boards and flat-flex cables. Flexible circuit boards are thin and can be placed in odd-shaped electronics.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div>

<p>Polyimide is used for medical tubing, e.g. vascular <a href="Catheters" class="mw-redirect" title="Catheters">catheters</a>, for its burst pressure resistance combined with flexibility and chemical resistance.

</p><p>The semiconductor industry uses polyimide as a high-temperature <a href="Adhesive" title="Adhesive">adhesive</a>; it is also used as a mechanical stress buffer.

</p><p>Some polyimide can be used like a <a href="Photoresist" title="Photoresist">photoresist</a>; both "positive" and "negative" types of photoresist-like polyimide exist in the market.

</p><p>The <a href="IKAROS" title="IKAROS">IKAROS</a> <a href="Solar_sailing" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar sailing">solar sailing</a> spacecraft uses polyimide resin sails to operate without rocket engines.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Polyimine" title="Polyimine">Polyimine</a> – Type of polymer material</li>

<li><a href="Polyamide" title="Polyamide">Polyamide</a> – Macromolecule with repeating units linked by amide bonds</li>

<li><a href="Polyamide-imide" title="Polyamide-imide">Polyamide-imide</a> – Class of polymers</li>

<li><a href="Polymerization" title="Polymerization">Polymerization</a> – Chemical reaction to form polymer chains</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-Ullmann-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wright, Walter W. and Hallden-Abberton, Michael (2002) "Polyimides" in <i>Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</i>, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a21_253">10.1002/14356007.a21_253</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBogertRenshaw1908" class="citation journal cs1">Bogert, Marston Taylor; Renshaw, Roemer Rex (1 July 1908). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01949a012">"4-Amino-0-Phthalic Acid and Some of ITS Derivatives.1"</a></span>. <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>. <b>30</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">1135–</span>1144. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01949a012">10.1021/ja01949a012</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015067267875">2027/mdp.39015067267875</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7863">0002-7863</a>.</cite></span>

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</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFEdwards,_W._M.;_Robinson,_I._M."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2710853">US 2710853</a>, Edwards, W. M.; Robinson, I. M., "Polyimides of pyromellitic acid"</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=2710853&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Polyimides+of+pyromellitic+acid&rft.inventor=Edwards%2C+W.+M.%3B+Robinson%2C+I.+M."><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPalmerUpdated_by_Staff2005" class="citation cs2">Palmer, Robert J.; Updated by Staff (27 January 2005), <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/0471238961.1612011916011213.a01.pub2">"Polyamides, Plastics"</a></span>, in John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (ed.), <i>Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology</i>, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 1612011916011213.a01.pub2, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F0471238961.1612011916011213.a01.pub2">10.1002/0471238961.1612011916011213.a01.pub2</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-471-23896-6</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2020</span></cite></span>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Modern Plastic Mid-October Encyclopedia Issue, Polyimide, thermoset, p. 146.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27771">Varun Ratta: POLYIMIDES: Chemistry & structure-property relationships – literature review</a> (Chapter 1).</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mit.edu/~6.777/matprops/polyimide.htm">Material Property Database</a>, <a href="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene" title="Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene">Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)</a></li>

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<li><a href="Polybutylene_terephthalate" title="Polybutylene terephthalate">Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)</a></li>

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<li><a href="PEEK" class="mw-redirect" title="PEEK">Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)</a></li>

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<li><a href="Polylactic_acid" title="Polylactic acid">Polylactic acid (PLA)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyoxymethylene" title="Polyoxymethylene">Polyoxymethylene (POM)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyphenyl_ether" title="Polyphenyl ether">Polyphenyl ether (PPE)</a></li>

<li><a href="Poly(p-phenylene_oxide)" title="Poly(p-phenylene oxide)">Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">Polypropylene (PP)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">Polystyrene (PS)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polysulfone" title="Polysulfone">Polysulfone (PES)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene">Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">Polyurethane (PU)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyvinylidene_chloride" title="Polyvinylidene chloride">Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Styrene_maleic_anhydride" title="Styrene maleic anhydride">Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA)</a></li>

<li><a href="Styrene-acrylonitrile_resin" title="Styrene-acrylonitrile resin">Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN)</a></li>

<li><a href="Tritan_copolyester" title="Tritan copolyester">Tritan copolyester</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanical <br>types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">Thermoplastic</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermosetting_polymer" title="Thermosetting polymer">Thermosetting polymer</a></li>

<li><a href="Fibre-reinforced_plastic" title="Fibre-reinforced plastic">Fibre-reinforced plastic</a></li>

<li><a href="Corrugated_plastic" title="Corrugated plastic">Corrugated plastic</a></li>

<li><a href="Polymeric_foam" title="Polymeric foam">Polymeric foam</a></li>

<li><a href="High-performance_plastics" title="High-performance plastics">High-performance plastics</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Additives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Plastic#Additives" title="Plastic">Polymer additive</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_colorant" title="Plastic colorant">Colorants</a></li>

<li><a href="Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">Plasticizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Polymer_stabilizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymer stabilizers">Polymer stabilizers</a></li>

<li><a href="Biodegradable_additives" title="Biodegradable additives">Biodegradable additives</a></li>

<li><a href="Filler_(materials)" title="Filler (materials)">Filler (materials)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plastics <br>processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Injection_moulding" title="Injection moulding">Injection moulding</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_extrusion" title="Plastic extrusion">Plastic extrusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Blow_molding" title="Blow molding">Blow molding</a></li>

<li><a href="Film_blowing_machine" title="Film blowing machine">Film blowing</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermoforming" title="Thermoforming">Thermoforming</a></li>

<li><a href="Compression_molding" title="Compression molding">Compression molding</a></li>

<li><a href="Calendering_(textiles)" title="Calendering (textiles)">Calendering</a></li>

<li><a href="Transfer_molding" title="Transfer molding">Transfer molding</a></li>

<li><a href="Lamination" title="Lamination">Laminating</a></li>

<li><a href="Fiberglass_molding" title="Fiberglass molding">Fiberglass molding</a></li>

<li><a href="Pultrusion" title="Pultrusion">Pultrusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_welding" title="Plastic welding">Plastic welding</a></li>

<li><a href="Filament_winding" title="Filament winding">Filament winding</a></li>

<li><a href="Solvent_bonding" title="Solvent bonding">Solvent bonding</a></li>

<li><a href="Vacuum_forming" title="Vacuum forming">Vacuum forming</a></li>

<li><a href="Rotational_molding" title="Rotational molding">Rotational molding</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Plastics_industry" title="Plastics industry">Plastics industry</a> segments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Commodity_plastics" title="Commodity plastics">Commodity plastics</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastics_in_the_construction_industry" title="Plastics in the construction industry">Construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_plastic" title="Engineering plastic">Engineering plastics</a></li>

<li><a href="Geosynthetics" title="Geosynthetics">Geosynthetics</a></li>

<li><a href="High-performance_plastics" title="High-performance plastics">High-performance plastics</a></li>

<li><a href="Nurdle_(bead)" title="Nurdle (bead)">Nurdle</a></li>

<li>Category:Plastics applications</li>

<li><a href="Plasticulture" title="Plasticulture">Plasticulture</a> (Agriculture)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific goods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blister_pack" title="Blister pack">Blister pack</a></li>

<li><a href="Monobloc_(chair)" title="Monobloc (chair)">Chairs</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_film" title="Plastic film">Packaging film</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_bottle" title="Plastic bottle">Bottles</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_cutlery" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic cutlery">Cutlery</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_shopping_bag" title="Plastic shopping bag">Shopping bags</a></li>

<li><a href="Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food containers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment <br>and health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Health_issues_of_plastics_and_polyhalogenated_compounds_(PHCs)228" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Health_issues_of_plastics_and_polyhalogenated_compounds_(PHCs)228" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Health issues of <a href="Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a> and <a href="Polyhalogenated_compound" title="Polyhalogenated compound">polyhalogenated compounds</a> (PHCs)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">Plasticizers</a>: <a href="Phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalate">Phthalates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous plasticizers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Organophosphate" title="Organophosphate">Organophosphates</a></li>

<li><a href="Adipic_acid" title="Adipic acid">Adipates</a> (<a href="Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_adipate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate">DEHA</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Monomer" title="Monomer">Monomers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a> (BPA, in <a href="Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">Polycarbonates</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Vinyl_chloride" title="Vinyl chloride">Vinyl chloride</a> (in <a href="Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Polybrominated_diphenyl_ethers" title="Polybrominated diphenyl ethers">PBDEs</a></li>

<li><a href="Organotin" class="mw-redirect" title="Organotin">Organotins</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Perfluorooctanoic_acid" title="Perfluorooctanoic acid">Perfluorooctanoic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Plastic#Toxicity" title="Plastic">Health issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Teratogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogen">Teratogen</a></li>

<li><a href="Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">Carcinogen</a></li>

<li><a href="Endocrine_disruptor" title="Endocrine disruptor">Endocrine disruptor</a></li>

<li><a href="Diabetes" title="Diabetes">Diabetes</a></li>

<li><a href="Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a></li>

<li><a href="Polymer_fume_fever" title="Polymer fume fever">Polymer fume fever</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pollution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a>

<ul><li><a href="Rubber_pollution" title="Rubber pollution">Rubber pollution</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a></li>

<li><a href="Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li>

<li><a href="Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins" title="Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins">Dioxins</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_environmental_health_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental health hazards">List of environmental health hazards</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="1986_California_Proposition_65" title="1986 California Proposition 65">California Proposition 65</a></li>

<li><a href="Registration%2C_Evaluation%2C_Authorisation_and_Restriction_of_Chemicals" title="Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals">European REACH regulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Kashinhou" title="Kashinhou">Japan Toxic Substances Law</a></li>

<li><a href="Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976" title="Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976">Toxic Substances Control Act</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Waste</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a>

<ul><li><a href="Garbage_patch" title="Garbage patch">Garbage patch</a>

<ul><li><a href="Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li>

<li><a href="Dioxins_and_dioxin-like_compounds" title="Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds">Dioxins</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_environmental_health_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental health hazards">List of environmental health hazards</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">Plastic recycling</a></li>

<li><a href="Biodegradable_plastic" title="Biodegradable plastic">Biodegradable plastic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="Resin_identification_code" title="Resin identification code">Identification codes</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-18" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Polyimide&oldid=1301175994">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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